Mcgovern-fraser Commission Definition Ap Gov

Understanding the McGovern-Fraser Commission: A Deep Dive into Democratic Party Reform

The McGovern-Fraser Commission, officially known as the Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection, holds a significant place in the history of the Democratic Party and American political reform. Established in 1969, its impact reverberates even today, shaping how the party selects its presidential nominees and impacting broader debates about party organization and democratic participation. This article will delve into the commission's definition, its origins, its recommendations, and its lasting legacy on American politics, providing a comprehensive understanding for students of AP Government and beyond.

The Genesis of Reform: The 1968 Democratic National Convention

To fully grasp the significance of the McGovern-Fraser Commission, we must first understand the tumultuous backdrop of its creation. The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago was a scene of intense turmoil and division. Protests against the Vietnam War, coupled with a deeply contested nomination process, culminated in violent clashes between protestors and police. The convention itself was plagued by accusations of manipulation and backroom deals that ultimately favored Hubert Humphrey, despite his lack of a clear majority of primary votes. This chaotic spectacle exposed serious flaws within the Democratic Party's nominating process, highlighting a profound disconnect between party elites and the increasingly vocal and active base. The party's image suffered immensely, and calls for significant reform grew louder.

The McGovern-Fraser Commission: Mandate and Membership

In response to the 1968 convention's failures, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) created the McGovern-Fraser Commission. Its primary mandate was to overhaul the party's delegate selection process, aiming for greater fairness, transparency, and inclusivity. The commission was chaired by Senator George McGovern, a prominent anti-war liberal, and Senator Robert Fraser, a moderate from Michigan. This bipartisan approach, while not fully eliminating internal tensions, signaled a commitment to addressing the concerns that transcended ideological divides within the party. The commission's membership was deliberately diverse, including representatives from various factions and demographic groups within the party, aiming to ensure a broad range of perspectives were considered in the reform process.

Key Recommendations of the McGovern-Fraser Commission Report

The commission's final report, published in 1970, contained a series of groundbreaking recommendations that fundamentally reshaped the Democratic Party's nominating process. These key recommendations included:

• Increased Representation of Minorities and Women: The commission strongly advocated for greater representation of underrepresented groups within the party's delegate selection process. This involved specific quotas and affirmative action measures to ensure that delegates better reflected the party's diverse constituency. This move was a landmark shift towards a more inclusive and representative party structure.

• Open Primaries and Caucuses: The commission pushed for open primaries and caucuses, allowing any registered Democrat to participate in the selection of delegates, regardless of their level of involvement within the party apparatus. This significantly broadened participation and diminished the influence of party bosses and entrenched elites.

• Proportional Representation: The commission recommended a system of proportional representation, where the number of delegates a candidate receives is directly proportional to their share of the vote in primaries and caucuses. This contrasted sharply with the previous system, where winners often took all delegates, even with relatively slim margins of victory. Proportional representation aimed to give a voice to a wider spectrum of candidates and ideologies within the party.

• Clear and Accessible Rules: The commission emphasized the need for clear, accessible, and easily understood rules governing the delegate selection process. This addressed the previous lack of transparency and ambiguity which often allowed for manipulation and confusion. The goal was to ensure a level playing field for all candidates and a greater understanding of the process among voters.

• Increased Role of State and Local Parties: The commission sought to enhance the role of state and local parties in the delegate selection process. This decentralization of power aimed to counter the influence of national party elites and give greater autonomy to grassroots organizations.

• Focus on Merit and Party Loyalty: While aiming for openness and inclusion, the commission also aimed to uphold standards of merit and party loyalty. It sought to prevent situations where fringe candidates or those hostile to the core values of the party could gain disproportionate influence.

Impact and Legacy of the McGovern-Fraser Commission

The recommendations of the McGovern-Fraser Commission were largely adopted by the Democratic Party, leading to significant and lasting changes in its structure and operations. The effects were profound and far-reaching:

• Rise of Presidential Primaries: The commission's emphasis on open primaries and caucuses dramatically increased their importance in the presidential nomination process. This shift transformed the role of primaries from relatively minor events to the central mechanism for choosing nominees.

• Increased Participation and Diversity: The reforms led to a significant increase in the number of people actively participating in the nomination process, and a more representative delegate composition in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity.

• Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: The clearer rules and procedures introduced greater transparency and accountability, making the nomination process more open and less susceptible to manipulation.

• Fragmentation and Internal Conflict: While the reforms aimed to unify the party, they also inadvertently contributed to internal fragmentation and conflict. The more open process facilitated the rise of various factions and ideological groups within the party, sometimes leading to intense competition and clashes.

• Nationalization of the Nomination Process: The increased role of primaries led to a greater nationalization of the nomination process, shifting power away from state and local party organizations and towards media coverage and national campaign strategies.

• Impact on Other Parties: Although focused on the Democratic Party, the McGovern-Fraser Commission's reforms had an indirect impact on other political parties. The emphasis on transparency and inclusivity in candidate selection inspired similar reform efforts within other parties, although the extent of adoption varied considerably.

Criticisms and Ongoing Debates

Despite its significant positive impact, the McGovern-Fraser Commission’s work has not been without its critics. Some argue that:

• The emphasis on proportional representation led to protracted and divisive primaries. The lack of a clear winner early on often extended the nomination process, creating internal friction and potentially damaging the party's image.

• The increased focus on primaries has shifted power away from party elites and towards the media and money. The need to appeal to a broad national audience and the reliance on media coverage and extensive fundraising have increased the influence of these external factors on candidate selection.

• The reforms have made it more difficult for the party to present a united front in general elections. The increased internal competition and diverse range of views within the party have sometimes made it challenging to coalesce around a single platform and candidate.

Conclusion: A Landmark Moment in American Political History

The McGovern-Fraser Commission represents a pivotal moment in the history of the Democratic Party and American political reform. Its recommendations fundamentally reshaped the party's nominating process, promoting greater transparency, inclusivity, and participation. While not without its criticisms, the commission's legacy is undeniable. Its reforms have had a profound and lasting impact on the way American political parties select their presidential candidates, influencing broader debates about party organization, democratic participation, and the role of primaries in American politics. The commission's work continues to be studied and debated, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of American political parties and the ongoing struggle to balance internal democracy with effective governance. Understanding the McGovern-Fraser Commission remains crucial for anyone seeking a deeper comprehension of the evolution of American political parties and the ongoing quest for a more representative and responsive political system.